Ergogenic Aids in Sports Essay - 1288 Words

Ergogenic Aids in Sports A large problem in sports today is the use of ergogenic aids. An ergogenic aid is any substance or device that increases or enhances energy use, production, or recovery giving the athlete an advantage in competition. Not all ergogenic aids are illegal; many such as dietary supplements, vitamin supplements, or protein supplements are widely used and accepted, however, many are illegal and are banned by many athletic committees(Ahrendt,1). I will be discussing these illegal aids and the affect they have on the athlete and the athletic community. Some of the more commonly used illegal aids include blood doping, caffeine, corticosteroids, diuretics, and human growth hormones (HGH). Blood doping is taking blood†¦show more content†¦The effectiveness of blood doping is unsure, researches don’t know if it truly works. Some reports state that the added RBC and hemoglobin increase the viscosity of the blood, which in turn actually decreases the VO2 max(Goldman,50). The increase in viscosity can lead to an overload of work in the liver and kidney, which could lead to future problems in the liver and kidney (Shipe,77). Another precaution is if the blood that is injected does not come from the person it is being injected into there is a possibility of getting a disease such as AIDS. Blood doping is nearly impossible to discover in tests because the athlete is usually injecting their own blood into their system. The increased hemoglobin and RBC in the body can be accredited to high altitude workouts (working at high altitudes for extended amounts of time can increase hemoglobin and RBC’s). Even though it is near impossible to test for the Olympic Committee still bans its use in hope to find a test. Caffeine is a chemical found in the leaves, seeds, and fruit of over 60 species of plant. It is found in coffee, tea, some soft drinks, and chocolate. It can also be taken as a tablet at high doses in products such as No-Doz or Vivarin (Donahue,33). It is banned as an ergogenic aid in large doses. Caffeine is believed to increase endurance and alertness. AnShow MoreRelatedThe Use of Ergogenic Compounds to Improve Athletic Performance1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe Use of Ergogenic Compounds to Improve Athletic Performance An Ergogenic aid is known as an enhancing quality in sporting performance. Compounds such as bee pollen, caffeine, glycine, carnitine, lecithin, and gelatin are claimed through anecdotal evidence to improve strength or endurance. The use of drugs and other substances has persistedRead MoreThe Athletes Use Nutritional Supplements Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesalso known as ergogenic aids, in hopes to better their athletic performance. There is a wide variety of nutritional supplements that people take to see improvements. Some ergogenic aids that are most commonly used are beta-alanine, caffeine, creatine, pyruvate, and many more. The one we will focus on for this paper is creatine. Ergogenic aids are substances or techniques that are used to enhance performance, increase lean body mass or muscle mass (Maughan, â€Å"Nutritional Ergogenic Aids and ExerciseRead MoreBcaa Research Paper833 Words   |  4 PagesNick Scott 4-13-2010 Ergogenic aid research paper Branched Chain Amino Acids In choosing branched chain amino acids for my ergogenic aid project, I took a few different things into account. When looking at the list provided to our class for this project, I told myself that I wanted a challenge. I wanted to work on a topic that I knew very little about to begin with. Some of the choices off of the ergogenic aid list seemed to easy and broad. Options such as protein and alcohol would seemRead MoreEssay about Use of Steroids in Sports1559 Words   |  7 Pagesinvolved in taking these drugs. Many people are looking for a quick way to build muscle, or to get stronger the fastest way possible. Using these performance aids may very well be a quick fix for many athletes, but taking these supplements is unethical and dangerous. Using special drugs to boost an athletes performance is degrading to sports and to the athlete. The human body can produce the same substances naturally, without taking drugs, but people continue to load up on these supplements such asRead M oreEssay about Dietary Supplements Used by Athletes: Creatine1458 Words   |  6 PagesCreatine (Cr) is a popular dietary supplement used by athletes to increase sports performance, muscle mass, and strength. Creatine was first discovered in â€Å"1835, when a French scientist reported finding this constituent of meat† (Demant Rhodes, 1999). This organic compound is manufactured endogenously by the liver and kidneys â€Å"from the amino acids glycine, arginine and methionine† for energy stipulation during muscular contraction. (Arazi, Rahmaninia, Hoseini, Asadi, 2011). Creatine is eitherRead MoreEssay on L-Carnitine: An Unnecessary Ergogenic Aid1589 Words   |  7 PagesL-Carnitine: An Unnecessary Ergogenic Aid WHAT IS L-CARNITINE? L-Carnitine is a naturally occurring amino acid which plays a vital role in the metabolism of fat. It functions as a transporter of fatty acids into the mitochondria, the metabolic furnace of the cell. L-carnitine was discovered in Russia, and one year later in Germany. The proper name, Carnitine, refers to the Latin origin, (carno, caris). Its structural formula was decoded in 1927, and its physiological significance wasRead MoreA Brief Note On The Aids And Its Effects On The Body1534 Words   |  7 PagesErgogenic aids are any foreign products taken by athletes to enhance their physical performance or endurance during physical exercise. Ergogenic aids are formulated to positively alter the physiological process in the body thus offering an advantage edge to the user. These aids may include drugs that enhance performance or even supplements formulated for sporting athletes and are divided into three categories including mental, physiological and mechanical factors (Liddle, 2013). Mechanical factorsRead MoreEssay on Branched Chain Amino Acids On Sports Performance1209 Words   |  5 Pagesperformance enhancing drugs, â€Å"ergogenic aids† have come to their re scue. Ergogenic aids are supplements that enhance the performance of athletes by improving their speed, strength and agility. A number of natural products are marketed as ergogenic aids, which have found a ready market among sportspersons. Their biggest advantage is that they are legal, apart from being safe and effective. Examples of such aids include branched chain aminoRead MoreExplements In Sports1318 Words   |  6 PagesYou are a student at university in the sport injury assessment and rehabilitation program working with the women’s hockey team. Some of the new athletes were raising concern about drugs as the players were asking about testing procedures and one player in particular had a lot of questions about things that could help her. She wants help for her performance on the ice and is looking into supplements like creatine monohydrate as well as drinks like Redbull but is also concerned as she has had gastro intestinalRead MoreAnswer Key for Lewis and Clark Reloaded3735 Words   |  107 Pagescombination of caffeine and ephedrine, as well as from espresso and high energy drinks, which contain large amounts of sugar and caffeine, and dark chocolate bars. Joe obviously discovered caffeine to be a performance enhancing aid for endurance athletes. He chose the ergogenic supplements knowing about the benefits for increased alertness and decreased perceived rate of exertion. He apparently knew that the effects of caffeine could be more efficient and effective in combination with ephedrine, grapefruit

Values Education Essay - 1157 Words

Australia as a nation is underpinned by the belief of a democratic society that requires the acquisition of essential knowledge, skills and values in order to enable all citizens to proactively play a part in the shaping their preferred future of a more equitable and socially just world (Bliss, 2005). To that end, Values and Values-based Education are considered to be an integral aspect of the Educational landscape as there is a recognition that values are not only a crucial part of a critical understanding of society, but also the key to successful participation in our democracy (Allison Von Wald, 2010). For this reason the incorporation of values in schools is becoming increasingly important, as the active construction and†¦show more content†¦Many of the values that are discussed within the National Framework for Values Education in Australian Schools are inexplicably linked to the issues explored throughout the Queensland Senior Legal Studies Syllabus 2007. The Nation al Framework for Values Education in Australian Schools document (Australian Government Department Of Education, Science and Training, 2005) incorporates a foundation vision for improved Values Education in Australian schools; eight Guiding Principles as well as key elements and approaches providing practical guidance to support schools in implementing Values Education; and nine values for Australian Schooling that emerged from Australian school communities and from the Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians, which underlines the importance of Values-Based learning experiences in the classroom, working in conjunction with modern educational policy to complement both the fundamental inclusion of valuesShow MoreRelatedThe Value Of An Education1037 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is the value of an education really worth in today’s society? In order to clearly understand the worth of an education, one would have to understand what the word education reall y means. According to dictionary.com, it defines the term education as, â€Å"the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgement, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/education). An educationRead MoreValue of Education1441 Words   |  6 PagesValue of Education In his essay â€Å"Is College Worth the Money?†, Daniel S. Cheever, Jr. contends that, â€Å"The real question is whether students are getting their money’s worth† (102). He emphasizes the value of education and not only the cost. Higher education is the focus of Cheever’s essay, but I believe the same question of worth can be asked concerning elementary through high school education as well. 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Education has evolved a lot over time and has shaped American society. Back in the day, education was not as important because many jobs did not have educational requirements. In those days you could have a high school diploma and get a good job. Today, if you only have a high school diploma the types of jobs that you can get include fast food restaurants or maybe construction work. Getting your college degree is very essentialRead MoreThe Value Of University Education Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesOn the Value of University Education The nature of attaining a higher level of education has changed drastically since the end of WWII with more than triple the percentage of the population attending at least some college. While receiving advanced degree used to be an opportunity only for the rich or those going into a specialized profession, it now has become an integral part of the American Dream. However, historically such mass education was never the point of university, and the value of theirRead MoreThe Value of Education Essay1028 Words   |  5 PagesThe Value of Education Learning and knowledge are highly prized in all societies, especially here in Ireland, where there is a strong tradition of respect for education. The choices that individuals make when leaving school, in particular whether to pursue higher education or not, are likely to have a long lasting effect on their lifestyle. The main purposes for a University education involve: social, national and educational purposes and for the individual personal purposes and moral developmentRead MoreThe True Value Of Informal Education Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesThe True Value of Informal Education Although about fifty percent of all marriages in the United States will end in divorce or separation, the United States has only the sixth highest divorce rate in the world. 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Microeconomics Free Essays

Assumption This report describes what this kind of capital produces, and what would determine the optimal level of preservation effort. The Key Element Of This Model The purpose of the present study is to shed light on the effects of designation on property values in residential neighborhoods. Analysis Not infrequently, planners, preservationists, and community officials are accused of catalyzing the displacement of low- and moderate-income renters and homeowners and of small businesses when they support the historic designation of older neighborhoods. We will write a custom essay sample on Microeconomics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Planning and Policy Implications The designation of historic districts in residential neighborhoods has grown in popularity in the United States over the past two decades. Many planners have embraced designation policies as tools in the management of neighborhood preservation and rentalization. However, opposition has arisen in some cases based on the assertion that official designation could accelerate property values, thus increasing tax liabilities and rents and leading to rising displacement of low-income and elderly households. Existing research provides only a few insights into this issue. An analysis of residential historic district designation in Washington, DC, finds little support for the displacement threat. Further research is necessary on the timing of designation and the intervening effects of the federal historic preservation tax credit. Ever since pioneering legislation was passed in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1931 and New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1937 the historic district technique has been employed as a device to protect neighborhoods and areas of historic and architectural importance. While only a handful of communities adopted historic district ordinances in the 1940s and 1950s (Reed 394), today there are more than 1,200 historic districts scattered across the United States. Furthermore, encouraging historic districts has become a matter of national policy. The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 empowered the National Park Service to create the National Register of Historic Places, a listing of landmarks and historic districts considered to be of significance beyond merely local or regional levels (Public Law 89-665). Of course, historic district statutes vary from community to community and state to state in the stringency of their provisions. But typically they establish official boundaries around a historic area and provide for the creation of a commission to rule on individual applications to demolish or alter a property or to build a new structure in the area. The commission is usually made up of from three to ten volunteers selected by the local government for their expertise or experience in matters related to preservation. An appeals process is provided for affected property owners who disagree with a commission decision (Reed 394). The proliferation of historic districts nationwide in the past 20 years testifies to their popularity among preservationists. Historic districts vary, however, in their effectiveness at protecting historic buildings and spaces, depending on the strength of their legislation and the level of political support for their ideals. Many property owners and businesspersons resist passage of such ordinances, fearing that they will be unduly restricted in using real estate located inside a district. They worry that they will not be able to make desired exterior alterations to a building or yard, that they will be prohibited from demolishing a structure and replacing it with a new one, or that they may not be allowed to change the use of the building, as, for example, from residential to business premises. At bottom is their concern for the economic effects of designation (Listokin). Another concern is germane both to property owners and to renters. Both groups may oppose designation of a historic district, fearing that property values will inflate and cause municipal tax assessments to rise. Some property owners argue that they will be burdened by steep increases in property tax liabilities. Disabled or retired homeowners on fixed incomes feel especially vulnerable. Renters, fearing the indirect effects of rising assessments, may worry that landlords will boost rents substantially to meet the increased costs of property taxes. In short, the issues for these people are involuntary displacement and excessive economic burdens. Designation and Property Values In recent years, as more communities have gained experience with designated residential historic districts, attitudes among property owners and businesspersons, while still cautious, seem to have softened somewhat. Historic districts in Boston, San Francisco, Seattle, New Orleans, and Charleston have demonstrated their appeal to tourists, real estate investors, preservationists, and others. Reinvestment, property appreciation, and business success have resulted, in many communities. The rise of private reinvestment and gentrification in older inner city neighborhoods during the late 1960s and 1970s contributed substantially to local government designation of more historic districts. But gentrification also alerted many low- and moderate-income households, especially minorities, to the disruptive effects that these dynamics could have on their lives. Recalling the widespread opposition to federal urban renewal clearance and relocation programs in the 1950s and 1960s, campaigns among social activists and community organizers in the 1970s and 1980s to limit the impacts of private reinvestment sought out convenient, highly visible, unitary targets at which to direct protest efforts. Because gentrification rarely proceeds by central direction, but rather, through the individual investment decisions of hundreds or thousands of people, identifying a protest target is usually difficult. Not surprisingly, then, historic district designation, always an action of the public sector, offered government as the pressure point. Thus, in some communities historic district commissions, local preservation offices, planning commissions, and other units of local government have become the targets of mobilized citizens’ groups. Over the past decade, as historic district designations have proliferated in many communities, opposition among low- and moderate-income persons and small businesses has also mounted. Because fewer of these people are property owners, their fears are more likely to be based on the alleged displacement effects of designation, rather than on the restrictiveness of property controls or the dampening of property values. Therefore, they argue more or less the converse of property owners: that property values will rise in response to designation, causing rent increases and hikes in real estate tax liabilities. As this newer form of opposition has become more intense in communities with previously designated districts, preservationists have found themselves in the position of arguing that, while appreciation in property values occurs in historic districts, it is not due to designation, but rather, to the effects of other economic forces. One result is that more careful analyses have begun to emerge. An example is a study prepared for the Boston Redevelopment Authority (Engle and Avault). The residential property tax assessment data is examined for several Boston neighborhoods. The adjoining Beacon Hill and Back Bay neighborhoods were analyzed as a single study area. Designated a historic district in 1955, Beacon Hill exerted so little influence on the study area’s rate of growth in assessments that it was not until 1962 that assessments began to rise significantly beyond those of the city overall. But designation of Back Bay in 1966 paralleled a sharp rise in study area assessments. Yet, while assessments in the study area were higher than in the city overall, the rate of growth in assessments in the study area from 1966 to 1972 (136 percent) did not substantially diverge from that of the city overall. As for the Beacon Hill Back Bay area’s relative growth in assessments (383 percent) for the full study period (1946-72), it was exceeded by rates in Charlestown (619 percent), the Central/North End neighborhoods (531 percent), the South End (415 percent), and the Fenway/ Kenmore area (458 percent). None of these neighborhoods had been designated a historic district by 1972, although all had vintage building stocks. Therefore, although the Boston study provides mixed evidence of the impact of historic district designation on property values, it does not demonstrate that growth rates were out of proportion to other reinvestment areas where no designations had occurred. Further insights on the historic district designation issue are available from a consultant’s study of a neighborhood in Brooklyn. Three sections of the Park Slope district were examined, each with differing social, economic, and architectural properties. These sections were compared to three study areas from the adjoining nondesignated portion of the Park Slope neighborhood. It was found that, in most of the study areas, â€Å"the greatest property value increases occurred prior to designation.† After designation, â€Å"market values in the comparable areas . . . increased at roughly the same rates as those within the districts†. A survey was also conducted of residents in the Park Slope historic district and found that â€Å"only 15 to 25 percent of the respondents mentioned the designation as one of the reasons for moving into Park Slope,† although many cited the appeal of the architecture. The study concluded that â€Å"increases in market values have resulted from a number of factors in which designation did not play a major role. A third source of intelligence on this issue arises from research in Chicago (Schaeffer and Ahern 1988). One residential neighborhood listed on the National Register of Historic Places and two designated as local districts were examined. Housing sales data, secured from the files of a local real estate company, were used to measure property values. Schaeffer and Ahern found a statistically significant increase in the rate of housing sales in the national district, but not in the local districts, after their respective designation dates. To the extent that rising turnover in ownership contributes to enhanced sales prices, one would expect that property values would accelerate after designation. Conclusion Pursuing this issue, it is found that, indeed, price increases in the national district were statistically significant after designation, while those in the local districts were not. The difference might be due to the more stringent controls imposed on property use in the two local districts. These controls, they reason, could have the effect of discouraging property owners and would-be buyers from investing in housing. The National Register district, on the other hand, offers buyers the prestige of property ownership in a nationally recognized neighborhood, with few, if any, controls influencing use and enjoyment of property. Works Cited Engle, Robert F. and John Avault. Residential Property Market Values in Boston. Boston Redevelopment Authority, Research Department, Boston, MA. 1973 Listokin, David. Living Cities. Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. New York: Priority Press Publications. 1985 Reed, Thomas J. Land Use Controls in Historic Areas. Notre Dame Lawyer 44, 3: 394. 1969 Schaeffer, Peter V., and Cecily P. Ahern. Historic Preservation and Economic Value. CBES Working Paper No. 2 (August). Denver, CO: School of Architecture and Planning, University of Colorado. 1988 How to cite Microeconomics, Essay examples Microeconomics Free Essays Question 1) With examples give 5 reasons why the study of microeconomics is important. Microeconomics is a field of economic study that focuses on how an individual’s behaviour and decisions affect the supply and demand for goods and services. For the purpose of microeconomics, the actions of individuals, households and businesses are crucial, unlike the study of macroeconomics, which focuses on national and international economic trends. We will write a custom essay sample on Microeconomics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite the differences between the two fields, however, micro-level trends and the study of microeconomics are considered the basis of modern macroeconomics. Macroeconomics is concerned with the big picture, for example, the national economy and gross domestic product. By contrast, microeconomics is concerned with the small picture and focuses on theories of supply and demand. Firstly, microeconomics is very important in business, especially when it comes to a new business. Entrepreneurs create businesses by purchasing and utilizing factors of production. In order to estimate the potential return on investment (ROI) of those factors of production, entrepreneurs must have a basic knowledge of microeconomic concepts such as supply, demand, cost and profit. Without the basics of microeconomics, it is impossible to know how much a particular good can be sold for in a particular area. Furthermore, without microeconomic basics on costs and earnings, it is impossible to estimate ROI, thus will lead to poor financial investments. Microeconomics is very useful in business decision making. It helps business to achieve maximum production with the given amount of resources. Business firms can make decisions in demand analysis, cost analysis and methods of calculating prices. Second, marketing people must have a basic understanding of microeconomics so that they can set prices for products and decide in which markets to sell those products. For example, with an understanding of microeconomics, a computer company marketing manager can advise the CEO to start allowing instalment payments in case of an economic downturn, thus recovering business from customers hit hard by the recession. A marketing manager without a sense of economics might not realize that such options are available. Third, microeconomics is important when it comes to management. Managers must understand the concept of return on investment (ROI) when setting salaries for new hires, as employees are supposed to generate profits for the company. Managers must also have an understanding of microeconomics when making general budget decisions. A project shouldn’t be given a budget that exceeds what the project is expected to produce in future earnings. These kinds of decisions are based on the microeconomic concepts of cost, revenue and profit. Fourth, Finance and Accounting also requires the understandings of microeconomics. Finance people probably use microeconomics more than anyone else in business. Financial analysts use microeconomic and macroeconomic theories in order to forecast the future value of financial assets. For example, gold, stocks, bonds and other investments. A securities analyst might use microeconomic data to determine the change in income of people in a given country, then use the microeconomic concept of â€Å"price elasticity of demand† for the responsiveness of consumer demand to changes in consumer income and to determine whether the price of a given asset will rise or fall in that country. Accountants use financial ratios that are derived from microeconomics. Lastly, the understanding of microeconomic is needed to provide tools for economic policies. Microeconomic helps to impose tax rates by analyzing the demand and supply factors. It also helps to determine the government policies on the resource allocation and pricing. Government also make policies to control the prices of goods by using the theory of price ceiling and price floor. By understanding microeconomics, we can examine the implications and effectiveness of the government policies. Question 2) Define â€Å"ceteris paribus â€Å". Explain why the device of ceteris paribus is so important in economics. Ceteris Paribus is a Latin phrase that translates approximately to â€Å"holding other things constant† and is usually rendered in English as â€Å"all other things being equal†. In Economics the term â€Å"Ceteris Paribus† is used quite often to assume all other factors to remain the same, while analysing the relationship between any two variables. For example, when discussing the laws of supply and demand, one could say that if demand for a given product outweighs supply, ceteris paribus, prices will rise. Here, the use of â€Å"ceteris paribus† is simply saying that as long as all other factors that could affect the outcome such as the existence of a substitute product remain constant, prices will increase in this situation. One of the disciplines in which ceteris paribus are most widely used is economics, in which they are employed to simplify the formulation and description of economic outcomes and the theoretical relationship of cause and effect. When using ceteris paribus in economics, assume all other variables except those under immediate consideration are held constant. For example, it can be predicted that if the price of beef increases, ceteris paribus, the quantity of beef demanded by buyers will decrease. In this example, the clause is used to operationally describe everything surrounding the relationship between both the price and the quantity demanded of an ordinary good. This operational description intentionally ignores both known and unknown factors that may also influence the relationship between price and quantity demanded, and thus to assume ceteris paribus is to assume away any interference with the given example. Such factors that would be intentionally ignored include the relative change in price of substitute goods like the price of beef vs. chicken, the level of risk dislikes among buyers like the fear of mad cow disease, and the level of overall demand for a good regardless of its current price level like a societal shift toward vegetarianism. If we try to establish the relationship between demand and price, there may be other variables which may also influence demand besides price. The influence of other factors may invalidate the hypothesis that quantity demanded of a commodity is inversely related to its price. If rise in price takes place along with an increasing in income or a change technology, then the effect of price change may not be the same. However, the assumption that the other variables are unchanged will eliminate the interrupting influences of other variables. Ceteris Paribus is important in economics as it is an assumption which we are bound to make when there are complexities in the reality. It is necessary for the sake of convenience. The limitations of human intelligence and capacity compel us to make this assumption. Besides, without the assumption we cannot reach on economic relations, sequences and conclusions. In fact, there are large numbers of variables interacting simultaneously at a given time. If our analysis has to be accurate we may have to examine two variables at a time which makes it inevitable to assume other variables to remain unchanged. For the ceteris paribus assumption, let’s take for example by assuming an economist examines a model explaining the relationship between the price and quantity purchased of Coca-Cola. The theory is â€Å"if the price increases, then the quantity of Coca-Cola decreases, ceteris paribus. Now assume the process of Coca-Cola was observed to increased one summer and some people actually bought more, not less. Based on this real-world observation, you would declare the theory is wrong but actually the economist responds that this is a reasoning pitfall because the model is valid based on the assumption of ceteris paribus, and your observation gi ves no reason to reject the model. The reason the model appeared flawed is because another factor which is a sharp rise in the temperature. The rise in temperature caused people to buy more Coca-Cola in spite of its higher price. If the temperature and all other factors were held constant as the price of Coca-Cola rises, then people indeed would buy less Coca-Cola, as the model predicts. Therefore, the assumption that the other variables are unchanged will eliminate the interrupting influences of other variables. As a conclusion, ceteris paribus is important as it enhances our understandings towards the theoretical relationship of cause and effect as we can analyse the relationship between two variable without having any other variable influencing the results. The assumption of Ceteris Paribus eliminates the influence of other factors which may get in the way of establishing a scientific statement regarding the behaviour of economic variables. References Question 1 reference: Importance of microeconomics, http://www. slideshare. net/tribhuwan64/presentation-on-importance-of-microecon omics Importance of microeconomics, http://www. ehow. com/info_8301181_importance-microeconomics-business. html Question 2 reference: Microeconomics for Today, books. google. com. my/books? isbn=0538469447 Basic Tools in Economics, http://wikieducator. org/Basic_Tools_in_Economic_Analysis How to cite Microeconomics, Papers